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Question:
No Aligarh Movement, No Independence, and No Pakistan
Answer:

Introduction:
There is a significant and consequential role of Aligarh Movement in the independence of Muslim of sub-continent and existence of Pakistan because the War of Independence 1857 ended disaster for the Muslims of Sub-continent and the Britishers chose to believe that the Muslims were responsible for the Anti-British uprising; therefore they made them the subject of ruthless punishments and merciless vengeance because they considered the Muslims’ behavior harsh and rude. Then, Muslims had to face unbearable and severe conditions as they emerged as a backward nation; they were deprived of their basics rights and were neglected in every sphere of life: economically, politically, socially, and religiously.

In such conditions, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan came forward and took steps for the Muslims. He helped the Muslims come out from such severe and miserable conditions and guided the Muslims towards the right path. He started a movement for Muslims to give them a good position in society: this movement is known as the “Aligarh Movement” because its main center was at “Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh”.

Objectives of the Aligarh Movement:
Aligarh Movement was an important Reform Movement of the 19th century. It was stared to end the socio-religious evils of the Muslim society that was started by Sir Syed Ahmad khan.
The main objects of the Aligarh Movement are given below:
• To create an atmosphere of Mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims.
• To stimulate them to learn English as well as education.
• To restrain Muslims from political activities.
• To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim community.
• To bring social and cultural reforms amongst the Muslim community.

Educational Reforms through Aligarh Movement:
Syed Ahmad khan realized that the miserable condition of Muslims is due to a lack of knowledge and education. Therefore, he launched an educational system through the platform of the Aligarh Movement. In education, he emphasized the importance of combining Western knowledge with Islamic values and intending to provide such instruction to his people, founded the Mohammad Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh. In 1859, Sir Syed Ahmad khan set up a school for Muslims in Moradabad and in 1862 transferred to Ghazipur where he established another school for Muslims.

1864, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan laid the foundation of a scientific society at Ghazipur. The purpose of this society was to translate the English books into the Urdu language. But, in 1866, its main office was transferred to Aligarh. In 1866, the scientific society issued the journal “Aligarh Institute Gazette”.
This journal aimed to clear the misconception between Muslims and the British Government, due to this, the gazette was published both in Urdu and English language.
1875, Sir Syed Ahmad khan established Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School. In 1877, the school was upgraded to college.
1886, Sir Syed established the “Mohammedan Educational Conference” which presented a twelve-point program in Western and Religious education in English and another language. The conference in its meeting discussed the modern techniques for the development and improvement of the education system and standard of education.

Political Services:
Syed Ahmad Khan in his magazine “Causes of Indian Revolt” made it clear that Hindus, Muslims, and English were equally responsible for that Revolt.
He also advised Muslims to stay away from politics for the time being because he knew that Muslims were not good in Education. In 1867, with the Urdu-Hindi controversy, Sir Syed became suspicious of Hindus and said that it was not now possible for Muslims and Hindus to go along together. He said that Muslims and Hindus were two separate that nation could not live together (Two Nation Theory).

• Effects of Aligarh Movement:
The movement trained the Muslims on how to deal with the prevailing new situations. It guided the Muslims in every field of life.

Protection of Rights:
The movement created an awareness of the protection of rights among Muslims. He guided them to improve educational, social, economic, and political matters. Its educated persons presented the problems of Muslims before the government. In 1906, the demand for separate electorates forwarded through the Simple Deputation was accepted.

Supply of Political leadership:
The movement made the Muslims realized that they were a separate nation. They had a separate point of view, culture living and thinking as well as wearing standard. He also ensured the Muslims got education from the Aligarh movement and made them capable to face Hindus and English. Muslim League was established by the educated political leadership that also owned to Aligarh movement. The struggle for the establishment was originated from this movement.

Muslim Unity:
the movement created a sense of Muslim nationality. In 1919 the educated youth of Aligarh-college launched the Khilafat Movement for the Muslims of Turkey. Due to a large group of educated leaders and youth of Aligarh, Muslims were also successful to get their own nation “Pakistan”. Aligarh movement had adverse effects on the national movement of India which led to the partition of the country on a religious basis in 1947A.D.

“It was not just an Educational Institution but it was a widespread movement, affective every aspect of the Muslims’ whole life”.
(Chaudhary Mohammad Ali)

Conclusion:
the light of the above discussion, we are forced to conclude that right from the beginning, Sir Syed was very clear in his mind about the separate Identify of Muslims and that of their culture. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk, Hali, Shibli, Maulvi Nazir Ahmad, Chiragh Ali, and his son also helped Sir Syed Ahmad khan: to strive to save the identity of Muslims, by putting up a resistance against Hindus fanaticism and by demanding SEPARATE ELECTORATE. Under the guidance of Sir Syed Ahmad khan, this movement led to various kinds of social and religious reforms. It put an end to social evils Educational institute was set up. They left an impact on the National movement which led to Muslim Separatism first and then to Pakistan itself.

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